{"id":54354,"date":"2021-07-26T12:12:52","date_gmt":"2021-07-26T10:12:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/safety-guide\/iso-13849-12safety-of-machinery\/computation-of-the-mttfd\/"},"modified":"2023-03-03T10:16:39","modified_gmt":"2023-03-03T09:16:39","slug":"ccf-evaluation-for-redundant-architectures","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/zh-hans\/academy\/safety-guide\/iso-13849-12safety-of-machinery\/ccf-evaluation-for-redundant-architectures\/","title":{"rendered":"CCF evaluation for redundant architectures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-27829106\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1509133640\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n  <div id=\"page-header-272906630\" class=\"page-header-wrapper\">\n  <div class=\"page-title light simple-title\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"page-title-inner container align-center flex-row medium-flex-wrap row-reverse\" >\n            <div class=\"title-content flex-col flex-left text-left medium-text-center\">\n        <div class=\"title-breadcrumbs pb-half pt-half\"><nav class=\"woocommerce-breadcrumb breadcrumbs uppercase\">\u9996\u9875<\/nav><\/div>      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n       <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-30282411\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-607061669\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-904362331\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1924772990\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner text-left\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-1640622463\" class=\"text cutom-ul\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2>CCF evaluation for redundant architectures<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14.4px;\">CCFs (Common Cause Failures) are failures due to a single cause that can affect multiple components at the same time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14.4px;\">CCFs can occur simultaneously on multiple components due to a shock, or due to an increase in system stress (e.g increase in temperature, humidity, vibration), or due to electromagnetic interference, or due to design errors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14.4px;\">It is important to consider whether common cause failures can occur. These failures can nullify the effects of redundancy. Indeed, if two or more distinct channels in a multichannel system are simultaneously in a faulty state because of common cause failures, the entire safety-related control system could lose the protective effect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14.4px;\">For Cat. 2, Cat. 3 and Cat. 4 it is therefore necessary to implement defence strategies in order to reduce the probability of having CCF. Reduction of the coupling factor between two indipendent channels, choice of robust components, increase of the inherent reliability of the system and keeping the operating environment within the design constraints are some of the defence strategies.<br><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14.4px;\">ISO 13849-1 presents a list of 10 measures in Table F.1.<br><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14.4px;\">The measures are grouped into the following categories:<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 22.7626%;\">\n<p>Physical design<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.2374%;\">\n<div>Separation \/ segregation<\/div>\n<div>Diversity \/ redundancy<\/div>\n<div>Complexity \/ design \/ application \/ maturity \/ experience<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 22.7626%;\">Analysis<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.2374%;\">\n<p>Data evaluation \/ analysis and feedback<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 22.7626%;\">Human problems<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.2374%;\">\n<p>Expertise \/ training \/ safety culture of designers<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 22.7626%;\">Environment problems<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.2374%;\">\n<div>&nbsp;EMC \/ Environmental control \/ pollution of fluidic systems<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>A score is assigned to each of the measure listed in the table. The total sum is 100. A score of 65 or better must be achieved. With a score of 65 it is conceivable that the residual fraction of common cause failures is less than or equal to 2%. If, on the other hand, the total score is less than 65, further measures must be taken.<\/p>\n<p>The highest credits are assigned to measures against environmental influences (25 points) and to the use of different technologies \/ physical principles for the two channels in a two channel system (20 points).<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div class=\"accordion\" rel=\"\">\n\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\"><button class=\"toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>Diversity example<\/span><\/a><div class=\"accordion-inner\">\n\n<p>Two position switches used in combination, one directly mechanically operated and one indirectly mechanically operated as shown in the table below:<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1075965646\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-133461429\" class=\"col medium-2 small-6 large-2\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h5>Mechanic Drive<\/h5>\n<p>Direct<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-917380208\" class=\"col medium-2 small-6 large-2\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h5>Guard close<\/h5>\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_374240037\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"162\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Intettuttore_chiuso_B.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_374240037 {\n  width: 50%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-348604341\" class=\"col medium-2 small-6 large-2\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h5>Guard open<\/h5>\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_897086908\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"162\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Intettuttore_aperto_A.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_897086908 {\n  width: 50%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1161966548\" class=\"col medium-3 small-6 large-3\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h5>Working mode<\/h5>\n<p>The plunger (actuator) is held down by a cam until the guard is not closed.<\/p>\n<p>When the guard is closed, the output changes status as a result of the action of the return spring.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-312472049\" class=\"col medium-3 small-12 large-3\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<h5>Behaviour example in case of failure<\/h5>\n<p>The output will remain in the safe state when the guard is open even if the spring breaks.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1252411188\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-755982955\" class=\"col medium-2 small-6 large-2\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<p>Indirect<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-342773197\" class=\"col medium-2 small-6 large-2\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_423703811\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"162\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Intettuttore_chiuso_A.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_423703811 {\n  width: 50%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1059898153\" class=\"col medium-2 small-6 large-2\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1409330995\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"162\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Intettuttore_aperto_B.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1409330995 {\n  width: 50%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-59934613\" class=\"col medium-3 small-6 large-3\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<p>The plunger (actuator) is held down by a cam until the guard is closed.<\/p>\n<p>When the guard is open, the output changes status as a result of the action of the return spring.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1312882292\" class=\"col medium-3 small-12 large-3\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<p>If the spring breaks, the output may be in an unsafe state even if the guard is open.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_2043307266\">\n\t\t<div class=\"bg section-bg fill bg-fill  bg-loaded\" >\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"section-bg-overlay absolute fill\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row row-large\"  id=\"row-840432421\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1741244547\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner text-left\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<p>Output made by a combination of a mechanical switch in series with an electronic switch.<\/p>\n<p>Each measure on Table F.1 must be evaluated. The related score is assigned only if the measure has been fully applied; in the case of partial adoption, the associated scoring is zero.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-268557386\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_157736302\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img width=\"550\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/azionamento-elettrico-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/azionamento-elettrico-1.png 550w, https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/azionamento-elettrico-1-300x294.png 300w, https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/azionamento-elettrico-1-510x500.png 510w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_157736302 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_2043307266 {\n  padding-top: 60px;\n  padding-bottom: 60px;\n}\n#section_2043307266 .section-bg-overlay {\n  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"gap-1781562446\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1781562446 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<div class=\"is-divider divider clearfix\" style=\"max-width:100px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-39928478\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-506399084\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"ux-menu stack stack-col justify-start ux-menu--divider-solid\">\n\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"ux-menu-link flex menu-item\">\n\t\t<a class=\"ux-menu-link__link flex\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/en\/academy\/industrial-safety-guide\/iso-13849-12safety-of-machinery\/choice-of-self-diagnosis-techniques-and-dcavg-computation\/\"  >\n\t\t\t<i class=\"ux-menu-link__icon text-center icon-angle-left\" ><\/i>\t\t\t<span class=\"ux-menu-link__text\">\n\t\t\t\tChoice of self-diagnosis techniques and DC computation\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-506554776\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-107958698\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t<div class=\"col-inner text-right\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"ux-menu stack stack-col justify-start ux-menu--divider-solid\">\n\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"ux-menu-link flex menu-item\">\n\t\t<a class=\"ux-menu-link__link flex\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reersafety.cn\/en\/academy\/industrial-safety-guide\/iso-13849-12safety-of-machinery\/simplified-method-for-estimating-the-quantifiable-part-of-the-pl\/\"  >\n\t\t\t<i class=\"ux-menu-link__icon text-center icon-angle-right\" ><\/i>\t\t\t<span class=\"ux-menu-link__text\">\n\t\t\t\tSimplified method for estimating the quantifiable part of the PL\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":54342,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>CCF evaluation for redundant architectures | ReeR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"CCFs (Common Cause Failures) are failures due to a single cause that can affect 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